Extended Abstract Introduction On average, one million people have migrated and moved within the country in recent decades in Iran. Changing the pattern of rural-to-urban migration to inter-urban migration, increasing migration in geographical distances, increasing the share and participation of women in migration flows, regional inequalities, and increasing the emigration flows from the east and west to the central parts of the country, are the most important features of recent internal migration in Iran. Migration and internal displacements occur in response to various factors with different effectiveness. Based on the life course approach, migration depends on individual characteristics and includes diverse target groups. Migration is strongly linked to an individual’s passage through life course stages. The increase in migration in some periods of the life cycle affects migration selectivity. For example, people who are of the age to enter work or get married are more likely to leave home and migrate. In this regard, the article uses micro-census data from 2011 and 2016 and the indicators, such as migration intensity and age at migration peak, to examine migration in Iran.   Methodology In this research, the secondary analysis of individual data of a two percent sample of Iran's population and housing censuses in the years 2011 and 2016 has been used. Four independent variables of age, gender, education, and marital status were used to examine migration selectivity. Two indicators of migration intensity and age profiles were calculated as dependent variables. Excel and SPSS software were used for data analysis. Using logistic regression, we investigated the effect of independent variables on the probability of migration during 2006-2016. Results and discussion The results of the study showed that in the recent decade, the highest inter-provincial migration intensity was related to Alborz and Semnan provinces, and the lowest values were related to Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman, and West Azerbaijan provinces. The migration peak age was 24 years in 2011. The provincial differences in the peak age of migration varied from 21 years in Ardabil and Hamadan provinces to 31 years in Ilam and Lorestan provinces in 2011. The migration peak age increased to 28 years in 2016. Provincial differences in the migration peak age varied from 21 years in Qom province to 36 years in Illam province in 2016. The highest migration intensity at peak age was found in Bushehr and Semnan provinces in 2011 and Semnan and Alborz provinces in 2016. Therefore, in the transition stage to adulthood, people are in the healthiest state of life and can migrate and move more efficiently. Thus, the study's results showed that in the decade 2006-2016, we faced age delay (especially for men) and less migration intensity at its peak. A postponement of migration to older ages is consistent with a progressive delay in transitioning to adult roles later in life for both males and females. Migration in Asian countries is concentrated in the early 20s of life, while in Europe and North America, the peak of migration is at older ages, and its scope is more scattered. Based on the results, from 2011 to 2016 compared to the period of 2006-2011, gender differences in migration decreased. Of course, the results showed that men and women have different migration behaviors and reasons. Male migration age patterns are shaped by military service and employed-related moves, whereas females migrate for family- and education-related reasons. Therefore, migration is a gender construct and the role of women should be investigated in migration studies. Also, the results of the study indicated that the probability of migration of people with a university education has increased in recent years. As Bernard et al. (2018), stated there are several paths and channels through which education is related to migration: First, education facilitates migration by reducing costs and barriers to movement. Second, migration can allow migrants to acquire new skills through education. Hence, a significant number of young people migrate for further education. Finally, through migration, the distribution of human capital can change the share and composition of knowledge and skills in both origin and destination regions. Also, the results showed that the migration intensity among ever-married people is higher than among never-married people. Therefore, marital status is another factor affecting migration and decisions. Bernard et al. (2018) showed that family formation and marriage, which is one of the stages of transition to adulthood, affect migration patterns. Therefore, the most significant migration intensity has been among young people, men, married people, and university graduates. In addition, the results showed that migration intensity of all ages is higher in more developed provinces than in other provinces and urban areas than in rural areas.   Conclusion In general, it can be concluded that from 2011 to 2016, compared to the period of 2006-2011, gender differences in migration decreased. On the contrary, the probability of migration of people with a university education has increased. Therefore, in some life cycle periods, the migration reaches its peak. Hence, life cycle and life transition factors are consistent with the migration intensity. Thus, migration is a selective process, and it can have different consequences for the origins and destinations of migration. As a result, it is essential to pay attention to the dimensions of migration selectivity in policy-making.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

This article aims to explore changes in trends and patterns of internal migration during last three decades with using secondary analysis of Iranian censuses data. The results showed changing pattern of migration from intra to inter provincial migration. During last three decades, inter provincial migration increase from 35 to 40 perecent of migrations. The findings indicated that the most inter-provincial migration flows have done toward to their neighboring provinces and Tehran (the capital of Iran). The provinces of Tehran, Alborz, Semnan, Qom, Yazd and Isfahan have always considered destinations for internal migrants. In contrast, the provinces of East and West Azarbaijan, Ardebil, Ilam, Chahar Mahal-e Bakhtiyari, Sistan and Baluchestan, Kordestan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Kohgiluyeh va Boyer-Ahmad, Lorestan and Hamedan have been the most origins of internal migration. In conclusion, regarding high unemployment and lack employment opportunities in the most of origin provinces and also, development inequality, we expect inter-provincial migration flows to increase.

Today, due to the relative stability of fertility and mortality at low levels, the contribution of migration to population dynamics and regional changes has become more noticeable. Migration is a dynamic process arising from changing social contexts that can affect not only migrants but also the origin and destination regions. The increase in migrations and displacements, especially from the border areas of the country towards the center and their settlement around megacities, especially around Tehran the capital of Iran, is one of the main social and demographic issues and challenges in Iran. In this regard, this article examines the patterns and determinants of internal migration in the country by using the secondary analysis of individual and aggregated data from the 2011 and 2016 population censuses. The results showed that with the increase in urbanization, the net migration of the population from rural to urban areas decreased and inter-city migrations increased. Tehran is the most attractive province for migration from most provinces. The attractiveness of Tehran is especially higher for western provinces. However, the migration flow from Tehran province is towards Alborz province, and the two northern provinces of the country, Gilan and Mazandaran, where migration is more common among the elderly. In addition, Tehran and surrounding provinces are facing population gain (increase) due to migration, while western and south-eastern provinces, with low levels of development, experience population loss (decrease) due to migration. Considering regional inequalities, age structure (young/ middle-aged), increase in education level, high youth unemployment, and lack of job opportunities in most provinces and counties, it is expected that the trend of internal migration, especially inter-provincial migration, will increase. Keywords: Internal Migration, Inter-City Migration, Population Dynamics, Regional Inequality.     Introduction Migration is the movement of individuals from one place to another with the intention of settling, either permanently or temporarily. Today, due to the relatively stable levels of fertility and mortality, the impact of migration on population dynamics and regional changes has become more pronounced. Migration is a dynamic process influenced by changing social contexts that can impact not only migrants but also the regions they come from and go to. While migration is often viewed as an individual pursuit for a better life, it is also a collective response to social, economic, and political changes. In the era of globalization, migration has become a highly politicized issue, leading to significant social, economic, and political consequences in both host and origin countries. Internal migration and displacement can be triggered by a variety of factors with varying degrees of effectiveness. Therefore, gaining a comprehensive understanding of migration factors is crucial in migration studies. The increase in migrations, particularly from border areas to urban centers like Tehran, poses significant social and demographic challenges in Iran. Thus, this article explores the patterns and determinants of internal migration in Iran. Materials and Methods This study analyzed individual and aggregated data from the 2011 and 2016 population censuses in Iran, to investigate internal migration trends, patterns, and flows from 2006 to 2016. By focusing on recent migration data at the provincial and county levels, the study aims to provide insights into regional migration patterns and the drivers of internal migration. Findings The findings indicated that during the initial phases of urbanization, rural-urban migration was predominant, but as urbanization progressed, urban-to-urban migration became the dominant pattern. As urbanization increased, net migration from rural to urban areas decreased, while inter-city migrations rose. Male migration patterns were influenced more by employment factors, while female migration was driven by family and education considerations. Demographic selective of internal migration led to changes in the age and gender composition of both origin and destination populations. The aging and feminization of rural and underdeveloped areas were attributed to the out-migration of young men. This trend also resulted in a shortage of marriage partners for women in rural regions. Also, results showed Regional migration patterns were linked to regional economic development and growth. Disparities in development led to uneven growth and uncontrolled population movements. Tehran emerged as the most attractive destination for migrants from other provinces, particularly from the western regions. However, out-migration from Tehran was directed towards Alborz, Gilan, and Mazandaran provinces, where elderly migration was more common in this case. Tehran and its surrounding provinces experienced population growth due to migration, while less developed western and southeastern provinces saw population decline. Provinces with net negative migration tended to have predominantly rural populations and high unemployment rates. Conclusion The study's findings revealed a shift in the pattern of rural-urban migration towards inter-city migration, with a rise in inter-county and inter-provincial migration. There has also been an increase in the involvement of women in migration flows, as well as a surge in out-migration from the eastern and western regions towards the central region. Given the existing regional disparities, the relatively young and middle-aged population structure, higher education levels, elevated youth unemployment rates, and limited job opportunities in many provinces and counties, it is anticipated that internal migration, particularly inter-provincial migration, will continue to increase. The ongoing trend of migration from less developed areas to more developed regions is further widening regional inequalities. Acknowledgments The initial version of this article was presented at the First National Conference on the Social Situation of Iran, hosted by Allameh Tabataba'i University and supported by the Ministry of Interior's Social Affairs Organization in March 2023. The author would like to express their gratitude to the organizers and supporters of the conference for providing the opportunity to present this article and subsequently revise and expand it to its current form. Conflict of interest There is no conflict of interest.

On December 26th 2003, an earthquake in Bam, southeastern Iran resulted in an estimated death toll of 40, 000. This article suggests that post-disaster population replacement practices provide alternative avenues for research, notably the changes in migration and population replacement patterns, and the social and cultural structures associated with population structure. This article is the result of ethnoarchaeological research conducted on Bam city and its satellites, at intervals of 6, 17 and 32 months after the earthquake. The post-disaster population changes patterns are compared with those patterns prior to the disaster. We hope to demonstrate that the patterns present can be used to interpret population replacement and migration under conditions such as natural disasters in archaeological contexts. It should be noticed that archaeological data are completely mute and this is the archaeologist interpretation that make them meaningful. in this article, the suggested patterns and models are useful to interpret and explain the data from archaeological dead context according to the absence of agents to realize the processes which have formed the social and cultural structures.

The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between internal migration patterns and environment-oriented social security factors by pathological approach. The research method is the secondary analysis of census data,universe of study contains 31 provinces of the country in year 2011. Based on the two percent census file, the sample contain 95093 migrated people. The theoretical framework of present article is social disorganization theory which extensively analysis the impacts of newly immigrants on the efficiency and ability of society for social controls. The results show that about 16 percent of the total internal migration, potentially pathological migrations (PMs). The destination of most PMs is Tehran, Hamadan, Razavi Khorasan and Alborz Provinces. Nearly 80 percent of PMs are between the 15 –,35 years old. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between PMs and the social environment insecurity index (r: 576, sig: 99. 9), But there was not a significant correlation between total net migration and PMs. According to the results, migration, by itself, not lead to the occurrence of social problems, but the quality of migrants and the mechanism of adaptation to the destination are contexts of social security.

According to the settlement of half of the countrys population in the border provinces and their importance of security for the country, the recognition of the migration process in these provinces is important for demographic and socio-economic policy makers. Migration changes the identity and values of migrant because of its linguistic, social, cultural and psychological consequences. The aim of this paper is to investigate the trend changes and migration patterns in the border provinces of the country over the past two decades. The research method is descriptive and based on statistical analysis of census data. The results show that migration flow have been decreasing in border provinces and their dominant pattern is the increasing of out-of-provincial migrations. As well, the migration trends indicates that provinces of Khouzestan, Kermanshah, and Sistan & Baluchestan always have been the main emigrant polygons, while provinces of Bushehr, Gilan, Mazandaran and Hormozgan have been the main immigrant polygons during these years. Finally, the provinces of Ardebil, Ilam, Khouzestan, Sistan & Baluchestan, Kurdistan and Kermanshah always have been emigrants, while Bushehr and Mazandaran always have been immigrants in the past two decades. In general, due to the massive population of working age, low development level, high rates of unemployment and shortage of employment opportunities, it has been increased migration especially out-of-provincial ones in the border provinces.

Introduction Like many countries worldwide, Iran has experienced significant changes in internal migration patterns. Among the immigration hubs in the country, Khorasan Razavi province has drawn a substantial portion of immigrants from the eastern regions, establishing itself as one of the country’s demographic poles. A significant part of this migration is concentrated in the city of Mashhad. The presence of Imam Reza’s holy shrine has transformed Mashhad into a tourist city that annually welcomes numerous domestic and international tourists. This touristic status, coupled with its advanced levels of social and economic development, has equipped Mashhad with adequate facilities, welfare and educational services, and job opportunities. Consequently, it attracts a large number of people from other regions and even neighboring countries, especially Afghanistan, each year. These factors have led to an increased focus on Mashhad to meet the needs of this population, thereby attracting more immigrants. However, this situation has resulted in a disproportionate distribution of opportunities, facilities, and resources across regions, exacerbating regional development imbalances. Therefore, understanding Mashhad’s migration patterns is crucial for its comprehensive planning and policy-making. Despite the importance of immigration in Mashhad, a review of the research history in the field of immigration reveals that no studies have specifically focused on Mashhad city’s migration. It has only been mentioned in the context of Khorasan-Razavi province in studies such as those by Ziari, Zanjirchi and Sorkh-Kamal (2010), and Zarghani, Hosseini, Ghanbari and Ghiyasi (2016).    Methods In this study, a macro approach and secondary analysis of migration data spanning 20 years have been employed. The required data includes immigration statistics for the city of Mashhad, which are based on the number of immigrants, the influx and outflux of immigrants, the origin of immigration determined by previous residence, and whether the previous residence was urban or rural. The data, which cover the periods of 1996-2006, 2006-2011, and 2011-2016, were obtained from national censuses. The patterns and trends of migration were examined using the following indicators: In-migration and out-migration rates: These two rates provide information about the rate of immigrants entering and leaving the region. They also form the basis for more advanced and powerful indicators. The net migration Rate: it indicates the net migration of a region in a certain period of time. The net migration rate determines the residential pattern of the country at a certain time and is of considerable importance. The net migration rate is obtained from the following: Migration effectiveness ratio: This index shows the impact of immigration on population redistribution. The Migration Effectiveness Ratio is obtained from the following: (Bell et al., 2002, pp. 23-25) The numerical value derived from this index illustrates the impact of immigration on population redistribution at the regional level. A negative value signifies a population decrease in the region due to migration. Conversely, a positive value indicates that internal migration has contributed to an increase in the region’s population. Result The findings reveal that Mashhad has consistently attracted a large number of immigrants. On average, during each census period, more than one hundred thousand immigrants enter the city of Mashhad, with fewer individuals leaving. Consequently, in addition to the population increase due to natural growth, Mashhad also experiences a population increase due to migration. However, based on the emigration and immigration rates in Mashhad, it can be inferred that the city's net immigration has decreased during the study period. Despite this decrease, this metropolis remains one of the country’s primary immigrant destinations due to its net positive migration rate. During each period, approximately 40% of all immigrants entering the province of Khorasan Razavi migrate to the city of Mashhad. The migrations to Mashhad primarily originate from nearby provinces, driven by cultural and geographical affinities. More than 70% of the city’s immigrants come from the provinces of Tehran, North and South Khorasan, and Sistan and Baluchestan. Additionally, in each period, about 4% of the immigrants in Mashhad are foreign immigrants, predominantly from Afghanistan. Following inter-provincial migrations, intra-provincial migration occurs, with the data indicating that the main form of this migration has been intra-county migration. In studying urban and rural migration, the migration pattern of Mashhad aligns with the national model, i.e., the highest migration ratios have consistently been related to urban-to-urban migration. Conclusion Given that immigrants entering the city of Mashhad come from diverse age and gender groups and possess varying characteristics, planning for the population increase resulting from migration presents a challenge. The substantial volume of migration to Mashhad has positioned the city as a primary hub within the county and even the province. This phenomenon has emerged following the region’s unbalanced and unequal development. As a result, a large population from other regions with lower levels of development migrates to this metropolis to access its superior economic and educational facilities and services. Provinces such as Sistan-Baluchestan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan, which are less developed compared to Mashhad, have seen their residents migrate to Mashhad to avail the facilities offered by the city. Therefore, a key factor in reducing these migrations is to establish a balance between the capabilities and economic potentials of different regions. Based on the findings of this study and similar research, one of the most effective solutions is to implement policies of sustainable economic enterprises that align with the potential and capabilities of regions, particularly in smaller cities and regions. Considering the significance of employment in migration, increasing investment and creating employment opportunities in smaller cities can not only prevent residents from migrating but also encourage the return of migrants.

Internal migration and movement occur in response to a wide range of factors with different effectiveness. One of the important and key contexts for the formation of internal migration is spatial inequality in facilities, opportunities and development components. In this regard, the article uses the secondary analysis of the 2016 census data at the provincial and county levels to investigate the impact of youth unemployment and unequal regional development on internal migration in Iran. The results showed the spatial clusters of unemployment and underdevelopment in the country and inequality in access to economic and social resources and opportunities on the one hand, and regional differences in migration rates, on the other hand. The highest level of development and the lowest unemployment rate of young people, as well as high immigration in the central regions of the country, especially the capital. In contrast, the western, northwestern, eastern and southeastern border regions have the lowest level of development and the highest unemployment and emigration rates. Therefore, internal migration is a dynamic, multidimensional process that arises from structural conditions and regional inequalities.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Migration and quality of redistribution of population across country is one of the main factors that planners take into account to control population and guide its movements to economic poles. Scientific recognition of migration phenomenon is important for managing and policy making in the country. These movements change migration pattern, in a way that along with increase in population and the number of cities, urban-urban and rural-urban pattern of migration turned to be the dominant pattern of migration. This pattern was geographically influenced by regional differences and social and economic attractions of cities and villages. Unplanned movements of rural population may bring undesirable consequences to regions and improperly change the region’s morphology and spatial structure pattern of the entire region. The main purpose of this research is to investigate and understand the patterns of intra-provincial migrations during last decades and to analyze the underlying factors. The method adopted for this research is quantitative and the approach is descriptive-analytical. Research data includes intra-provincial migration data in scale of the province’s rural sub- districts (Dehestan) during 1996- 2011, which is obtained from the Statistical Center of Iran (SCI). To analyze migration data, the methods of calculating the intensity of crude migration and factor analysis were used; then, correlation of spatial structure of West-Azerbaijan province with the variables of density, distance, connection and intra-provincial migration rate was examined. The results show that spatial structure of West-Azerbaijan was unidirectional in 1996; but, the spatial distribution trend of migration during selected 15 years revealed a kind of decentralization and tended towards clustered spatial pattern. The pattern of spatial connection changed from duality model to continuity model.